The Analytic Lenses of Ethnography - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1356 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Culture Essay Level High school Topics: Ethnographic Essay Did you like this example? The ethnographic compositions of researchers Philippe Bourgois and Jeff Schonberg, authors of Righteous Dopefiend, and Matthew Desmond, author of Evicted, exemplify the way that qualitative research can radically help to understand major public health concerns. While the authors believe that ethnographic research is a powerful vehicle for understanding transcultural issues, especially among vulnerable populations, their convictions about ethnographically is fundamentally different, which is reflected in the respective authors choice of methods and voice in the text. Ethnography, in a very basic sense, is the integration of investigative journalism and scientific method. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Analytic Lenses of Ethnography" essay for you Create order In his essay Anthropology and epidemiology on drugs: the challenges of cross-methodological and theoretical dialogue, Philippe Bourgois emphasizes the importance of discourse between epidemiologists and ethnographers in order to advance public health sectors among vulnerable populations. Although the health science field is dominated by quantitative work, Bourgois suggests that integrating qualitative work and mixed-methods can offer critical insight into the social structures and individual behaviors that give rise to illness (Bourgois 2002: 260). The power of language in ethnographic writing is also extremely critical to accurately portray the experiences of the research subjects. Susan Sontag, a 20th century writer known for her essays Illness as Metaphor and Aids as Metaphor, argues that language produces meaning, guides conceptual thought, and is a central structural force. Sontag suggests that this power is often detrimental because it incites harmful stigma and stereotyping ag ainst individuals based on the cultural assumptions embedded in the language we use. One goal of ethnography writing, therefore, should be to present objective observations unprejudiced by embedded assumptions within the language. While the authors of Righteous Dopefiend and Evicted differ in their scientific methods and ethnographic narrative, they both strongly insist that the power of well-written, articulated ethnographic research is undeniably necessary to engage with texts and offer accurate, non-partisan insight of the ethnographic subject. Righteous Dopefiend focuses on injection-drug users living in homeless encampments in San Francisco. The primary goal presented by Bourgois and Schonberg is to understand how institutional structural agents, like government and family, manifest in individuals facing drug-addiction and extreme poverty. For Bourgois and Schonberg, ethnographic research should accurately reflect the zeitgeist, sentiments, and hardships of the subject, but without glorification or aggrandization. Researching severely stigmatized demographics necessitates careful attention to methodology, especially in the extent of participant observation, without encroaching upon analytical and professional boundaries. In the case of observing the Edgewater Homeless, Bourgois and Schonberg had to assert their boundaries definitively so as not to be relied upon for money, transportation, or other services. At the same time, however, the authors express the importance of understanding the moral economy in order to gage the underlying social structures that propagate the social norms and health outcomes among individuals in the demographic. For individuals living in non-market economies, the moral economy sustains and drives communities through exchanges in the universal pursuit of survival. As presented in Righteous Dopefiend, the moral economy was driven by the cotton exchange, which created a sort of informal insurance policy against heroin withdrawal in the form of sharing. Bourgois and Schonberg suggest that their participation in the moral economy was necessary for accurate data collection and insight into the mechanics of the factors governing individual and interpersonal behavior. For the authors, engaging in the moral economy often meant offering blankets, food, or transportation, which is exemplified when Bourgois offered a ride to Tina in exchange for an informal interview. According to Bourgois and Schonberg, the anthropological notion of cultural relativism is an important vehicle to be able to digest the extremely complex, often distressing, experiences of vulnerable populations. The authors write learning about life on the street in the United States requires the reader to keep an open mind and, at least provisionally, to suspend judgement, (Bourgois, 2009: 7) demonstrating that observing the upsetting, even shocking, experiences of marginalized populations requires a degree of cultural relativism. Bourgois and Schonberg also address the ethical dilemmas of ethnography. They discuss their initial concerns, especially among marginalized populations, that their presence might arouse local law enforcement, causing negative repercussions for their subjects and thus blight their objective of observing by the least-intrusive methods possible. Informed consent, respect, and privacy is critical, according to Bourgois and Schonberg, from a legalistic human r ights perspective, and also to preserve the dignity of their subjects without reifying stigmatization and negative images. The controversial nature of illicit drug use, sex work, and violence, in combination with apparent racism and sexism makes Bourgois and Schonbergs research particularly susceptible to reification of existing social stigma. The difficulty of ethnographic research, as stated by Bourgois and Schonberg, is the contentious, often difficult, balance of being present in ones environment, while also refining an analytical understanding of the subjects. The power of participant observation is that it forces academics out of their ivory tower and compels them to violate the boundaries of class and cultural segregation, (Bourgois, 2009: 14) implying that ethnography creates an intimacy that fosters precious insight into research subjects that quantitative work simply cannot provide. In a similar sense, Matthew Desmond, author of Evicted, argues that ethnographic research is critical to providing accurate and non-partisan insight of the ethnographic subjects, but he varies greatly in his analytical approach. Evicted focuses on poverty-stricken individuals living in low-income neighborhoods of Milwaukee, who face economic exploitation and structural violence embedded in the private housing market. Desmond conducts his ethnographic research in correspondence with quantitative research collected through surveys. In his discussion of ethnography, Desmonds main argument revolves around the decision to write in the third-person, despite acknowledging that ethnographic writing is typically dominated by first-person narratives. Ethnographic work, in a general sense, favors a first-person narrative because it offers an intimate look into the lives of the research subjects and furnishes evidence that the researcher was on site, directly interacting with the subjects, reinf orcing scientific credibility. Desmond critiques first-person accounts by saying ethnographers shrink themselves in the field but enlarge themselves on the page because first-person accounts convey experienceand experience, authority, (Desmond 2016, 334) illustrating that the egocentric nature of first-person is far too focused on the researcher and his or her personal responses to their observations. According to Desmond, the reality of extreme poverty, unequal wealth-distribution, and racism in America is far too pressing an issue to veer the attention away from the subject to focus on the ethnographers subjective experience. Stylistically, third-person narratives are harder to prove scientifically authentic because the researcher does not directly insert themselves and their work in the text. This narrative style also risks appearing sensationalist or hyperbolic, which can negatively distort the way the research subject is perceived. However, third-person is less methodological and naturally evokes depth and meaning because the ethnographer is using prose. The purpose of Desmonds research, with the aid of the third-person narrative, is to foster an objective understanding of the extreme inequality and poverty rampantly spreading across America through the lens of his subjects unfiltered stories and experiences. Evicted also discusses the logistical and ethical dilemmas of ethnographic research. In stating that your race and gender, where and how you were raised, your temperament and dispositioncan influence whom you meet, what is confided to you, what you are shown and how you interpret what you see, (Desmond 2016: 325) Desmond suggests that an ethnographers state of mind and personal qualities deeply affect the data that is collected. Furthermore, like Bourgois and Schonberg, Desmond illustrates his experience with the moral economy of exchange through food sharing and small favors, while also reflecting the nee d to definitively assert boundaries by refusing to giving out large amounts of money. As Bourgois and Schonberg argued the need for cultural relativism to handle the upsetting, even shocking, observations of marginalized populations, Desmond discusses his own affliction with prolonged depression in the wake of observing the heartbreaking trauma experienced by his research subjects. While Desmond describes that he ultimately was able to conceal his distress, he still felt underlying guilt for the apparent socioeconomic disparity between himself and his subjects. Desmond describes this experience when he writes: the more difficult ethical dilemma is not how to respond when asked to help but how to respond when you are given too much (Desmond 2016: 336).

Movie Analysis Hercules - 1427 Words

Growing up, most kids watch Disney movies starting a young age. These movies can be inspiring to kids because they see a hero win a battle against a villain and there is usually a message to be learned from the story. Kids idolize the heroes in this stories, but do they know the difference between what Disney has produced and what the hero is really like in the actual myth. In the Disney movie of Hercules, the main character, Hercules, sets out on a quest to resume his spot on Mt. Olympus, this is fairly different from the actual myth that this movie was based on. Hercules was not the innocent hero that is portrayed by Disney. In reality, Hercules was a sexual, short tempered man that was trying to become a full god. The difference that Disney has put into this movie to make it a family friendly video has gotten rid of important information from the original myth. This is not harmful for entertainment purposes, but can be misleading to what the actual myth is about and the history be hind the people in which this myth comes from in real life. In the Disney movie of Hercules. Zeus and Hera have a child, Hercules. This loving family lived happily on Mt. Olympus until Hades got upset with all of the attention that this new child was getting and had two of his evil minions go and poison the child to kill it. The minions stole the child in the middle of the night and fed it the bottle of poison to kill him, but the minions didn’t feed the child the whole bottle and madeShow MoreRelatedThe Media s Influence On Children876 Words   |  4 Pagesperceive the world around them. If a child forms gender stereotypical schema with regards to aggressive behavior, he or she may end up following the behavior themselves or having unrealistic expectations how others will behave. 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Lilys life style in the sociiety and roxy eager to help her child Free Essays

Pudd’nhead Wilson and   The House of Mirth are both tragedies which concentrate on the miseries of women who are the victims of either their own expectations or the society’s expectations of them. In true Twain tradition, Pudd’nhead Wilson deals with the tragedy, thickly laced with his characteristic satire. It is believed that Twain wrote this during one of his dark periods in life when he was going through pessimism created by his financial debacles. We will write a custom essay sample on Lilys life style in the sociiety and roxy eager to help her child or any similar topic only for you Order Now The protagonist of the work, Roxy is a slave who can pass of as a white (though she is one sixteenth black). And she is brave. â€Å"Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear – not absence of fear.† ( Twain, 36) In order to create a better life for her son, she exchanges him at birth with the son of her white master. But as fate would have it, her son turns out to be unworthy of the white man’s inheritance and his life goes astray. He even sells her forcibly to a white man in exchange for his gambling debts. In the House of Mirth, Edith Barton takes the readers through the life of highly desirable Lily bart, who sabotages the prospects of many suitors only to find herself decline into squalid dinginess, only to die of a sleeping draught overdose (perhaps accidentally). Most of the novel is the pursuit of money. â€Å"Society is a revolving body which is apt to be judged according to its place in each man’s heaven;† (Wharton, Chapter 4, Book I) Lily suffers because of two factors. She is incapable of following her heart and removing money as a vital point of the equation, therefore she suffers the constant heartburn of rejection. She is also not completely efficient in her manipulation of the society around her that she is not entrenched enough to counter the allegations of Bertha against her (of adultery with her husband) Paradoxically, both novels deal with freedom and slavery. While Twain deals with literal slavery and the lengths to which a mother, Roxy can go to ensure that her son escapes the clutches of slavery that she suffers, Barton talks about slavery to the pursuit of money. In the house of mirth, Lily starts feeling free when she has money and starts feeling enslaved when she does not have sufficient money. But the irony is she is always enslaved to the concept of money. Human folly led by social pressures and an inability to follow one’s heart are the causes of the tragedy of Lily, while several unfortunate incidents that start with a noble intention form the crux of Roxy’s tragedy. She is freed by her white master whom she deceives by exchanging her son with his and she is again sold off by her own son who does not know the truth. This is one of the best dramatic and tragic elements used by Twain in any of his works. Perhaps the most glaring similarity between the two novels is the way in which debts ruin a person’s judgment and lead him/her progressively towards more dreaded consequences. Lily’s unintentional debt to Gus when she starts being lavish imagining the money he gives her to be her own returns from the stock market marks the beginning of her end. Similarly â€Å"Tom† gambles heavily and this leads him into finding shadier and indirect means to repay these debts, resulting in a murder of his own uncle. In spite of the fact that neither Edith Wharton nor Mark Twain try overtly to convey any message to the readers, both these novels work as a danger signal posts which need to be looked out for to avoid any pitfalls related to monetary judgment and human judgment as a whole. Works Cited Twain, Mark. Pudd’nhead Wilson. NewYork: Courier Dover Publication, 1999 Wharton, Edith. The House of Mirth. NewYork: Norton, 1990 How to cite Lilys life style in the sociiety and roxy eager to help her child, Essay examples

Liability of Corporate Officers and Directors †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Liability of Corporate Officers and Directors. Answer: Introduction: In the case study, the facts been found that Galli grandchildren are getting angry on the board of directors because they have decided not to provide dividend amount of A class shareholders in this year and instead of the dividend amount they will provide with the fund of the development of the organic vineyards at Robinvale (Tricker Tricker 2015). The Corporation Act 2011, the section 254W stated the provisions where share holders have the right to have their dividend amount (Grinblatt Titman 2016). The dividend amount describe various related fact about the company shares in A class of share holders where they will also eligible to have the dividend right with the other share holders of the company (Knepper et al. 2016). According to the case study the board of GML do not able to make any decisions about the payment of dividend amount to the A Class share holders in this year where the Gilli grandchildren wants their dividend payment (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). According to the Corporation Act 2011 of Australia, it establishes in the legislation of the shares and share holders right for having their dividend payment. Any person can be the part of share holders of the company where the amounts which company earn as the out of expenses (Grinblatt Titman 2016). They pay the dividend amount to the share holders along with board members of the company where the shoulders have the right to get their dividend amount (Knepper et al. 2016). As for the corporation act it is the duty of the director that they should take the initiative for paying the dividend amount equally to the every share holders of the company along with the dividend amount (Tricker Tricker 2015). The corporation act defines the legislation where the partly paid shares or permanent shares are also distributed from the companys earning (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). The share holders own various rights in the company. The corporation act provides them the right to attend meeting of the company where the director proposed and published various reports of the company (Grinblatt Titman 2016). The annual general meeting also another part of publishing the reports where share holders also provide their suggestions and change the rules according to the importance of the proposed report. Therefore the amount which the company has earn out of the profit as an extra rewards the share holders has rights to claim the dividend amount (Knepper et al. 2016). It also provides various rights for the share holders where they can participate in the decisions of the meetings where the board members make the decisions about the statues and constitution of the company (Tricker Tricker 2015). Share holders can propose their suggestions where the company gets more benefits from the outside shares. The corporation act also provides the legislation for the share holders to check the minute book and security register of the company as per the best interest of the company (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). The section 254W of the Corporation Act establishes the legislation of the dividend rights for the A Class of shares of the public company who has the equal dividend right along with the other share holders of the company. For providing the dividend rights the legislation has introduced several special resolutions where the A Class of shares holders claimed share dividend amount from the company (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). Here in the case study the Galli grandchildren want to take legal action against the board members of the company in respect of nonpayment of the dividend capital. Therefore director of the company has the duty that they must pay the dividend amount to shareholder. However they have breach the rules (Tricker Tricker 2015). Now according to the section 181, 182, 183 and 184 of the Corporation Act 2001 the director has breach their duties. They are not paying the dividend amount to the Galli grandchildren and instead of that they want to retain earnings to fund the development of the organic pioneered at vineyard at Robinvale (Knepper et al. 2016). As per the case study at FWPL, Mario and Nick Galli concerned about the level of dissatisfaction among the A class shareholders. Now they want to buy a share buyback under the corporation act (Tricker Tricker 2015). The share buyback defines a process where company brought their own stock of shares for the benefits of the company (Grinblatt Titman 2016). In this process the company introduces an offer where they can able to buy their own shares from the companys share holders. This process helps the company to gain more benefits for some the shareholders (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). First the company makes the offer to the shade holders for buying the share and when the shares are sold back again to the company then they can cancel the share with share holder. For the private company they have the equal access to buy from the other shareholders. In this process they can select a particular of shares which only make offered for the selected shared holder (Knepper et al. 2016). In the share buybacks process the dividend component and capitals component are mainly used for processing (Tricker Tricker 2015). More the company lowering the share numbers, the shared buybacks helps the company to earn more profit and increased share price where the company can get back the cash to the share holders and any other investors of the company (Grinblatt Titman 2016). Share buybacks is strategic process of the corporation act where it helps the company to make a profitable capital amount of the stocks and the gain amount help the company to pay the surplus cash to the invest or and make them believe that they are able to pay any share amount to the investors (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). As per the case study, the FWPL wants to get rid of the A class shares the way of a reduction of the capital amount. The section 256B of the corporation at defining the provisions of the terms where the reduction without the authorization is not possible by the company (Tricker Tricker 2015). It only applicable when the company will be able to reduce the share capital amounts with a fare and reasonable reason to all shareholders. When there was no existence of prejudice system then it is the ability of the company to provide the reduction amount to all the creditors (Knepper et al. 2016). The corporation act defines the provisions where the share holders must reduce of the share capital according to the section of 256C of Corporation Act. The company can cancel the share without any consideration and in this matter the reduction of share capital should complete or satisfy the terms of the corporation act otherwise the applications of the reduction may not apply. Therefore when the c ompany cancelled the uncalled capitals, this process helped company to reduction of the share capital (Knepper et al. 2016). However, the reduction of the share only possible to process when the company reduce the equal with shareholders and not the selected production and it will apply for each and every holder of ordinary shares in the company (Tricker Tricker 2015). Therefore the ordinary share holders share amount can also reduce for the benefit of the company because the terms and process of the reduction amount equal for every ordinary share holders of the companies. However if any problem arise from the company, then it is not able to reduce the share amount. In the selective reduction of share capital should not allowed all the conditions because the selective share holders are only eligible to for the selective reduction only (Legislation.gov.au, 2017). FWPL company directors are wanted to reduce the share capital from the shareholders. They must propose a form 2560 notification where they provide the notice of the meeting to pass the resolution for the reduction of the share capitals and submitting every document which are related to the reduction and the notice of the meeting should be sent to the shareholders. In a General Meeting the reduction of share capital resolution should be passed according to the companies on constitution regarding the special resolution as per the circumstances (Knepper et al. 2016). Reference Alstadster, A., Jacob, M. Michaely, R., 2017. Do dividend taxes affect corporate investment?. Journal of Public Economics, 151, pp.74-83. Dent Jr, G.W., 2014. Corporate Governance Without Shareholders: A Cautionary Lesson from Non-Profit Organizations. Del. J. Corp. L., 39, p.93. Graetz, M.J. Warren, A.C., 2016. Integration of corporate and shareholder taxes. Grinblatt, M. Titman, S., 2016. Financial markets corporate strategy. Knepper, W.E., Bailey, D.A., Bowman, K.B., Eblin, R.L. Lane, R.S., 2016. Duty of Loyalty (Vol. 1). Liability of Corporate Officers and Directors. Legislation.gov.au. (2017). Corporations Act 2001. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Tricker, R.B. Tricker, R.I., 2015. Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA.